Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects movement control. It is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease globally, following Alzheimer’s disease. The disease predominantly affects individuals over the age of 60, though younger onset is possible. The exact cause of Parkinson’s remains unknown, but a combination of genetic and environmental factors is believed to contribute to its development.
According to the Parkinson’s Foundation, more than 10 million people worldwide are living with Parkinson’s disease. In the United States alone, nearly one million individuals are affected, with approximately 90,000 new cases diagnosed each year—a significant increase from previous estimates.
The incidence of Parkinson’s increases with age, but about 4% of cases are diagnosed before the age of 50.
In Pakistan, data on Parkinson’s disease is limited, but available studies indicate a notable prevalence. A systematic review highlighted a cross-sectional study in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province, where 600 patients were identified, with males comprising 78% of cases. The age distribution showed that 2% were between 18 and 30 years, 27% between 31 and 50 years, and 71% were over 50 years old. Another study in Lahore reported 85 cases within a hospital setting, with an average patient age of 57.6 years.
These studies suggest that Parkinson’s disease is a significant health concern in Pakistan, particularly among the elderly male population.
The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease remains elusive, but research points to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Approximately 10 to 20 percent of Parkinson’s cases are linked to genetic causes, involving mutations in specific genes.
Environmental factors, such as exposure to pesticides, rural living, and consumption of well water, have also been associated with an increased risk of developing the disease. Age is the most significant risk factor, with the likelihood of developing Parkinson’s increasing with advancing age. Men are slightly more likely to develop the disease than women.
Symptoms
Parkinson’s disease manifests through a range of motor and non-motor symptoms. Motor symptoms include:
- Tremors: Rhythmic shaking, often starting in the hands or fingers.
- Bradykinesia: Slowness of movement, making simple tasks time-consuming.
- Rigidity: Muscle stiffness, leading to reduced range of motion and pain.
- Postural Instability: Impaired balance and coordination, increasing the risk of falls.
Non-motor symptoms can include cognitive decline, mood disorders such as depression and anxiety, sleep disturbances, and autonomic dysfunction affecting blood pressure and digestion.
While there is currently no cure for Parkinson’s disease, various treatments aim to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Medications such as Levodopa are commonly prescribed to replenish dopamine levels in the brain, alleviating motor symptoms. Other medications may mimic dopamine’s effects or inhibit enzymes that break down dopamine.
In cases where medications are insufficient, surgical interventions like Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) may be considered. DBS involves implanting electrodes into specific brain regions to regulate abnormal impulses. Additionally, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and speech therapy play crucial roles in managing symptoms and maintaining functional abilities.
In Pakistan, awareness and resources for Parkinson’s disease are limited. The Pakistan Parkinson’s Society aims to raise awareness, provide support, and advocate for patients’ rights. However, there is a need for more comprehensive national strategies to address the growing burden of Parkinson’s disease. This includes training healthcare professionals, establishing specialized centers, and integrating Parkinson’s care into the public health system.
Dr. Ted Dawson, director of the Institute for Cell Engineering at Johns Hopkins, emphasizes the genetic component of Parkinson’s, stating, “About 10 to 20 percent of Parkinson’s disease cases are linked to a genetic cause.”
Patients living with Parkinson’s often highlight the challenges of managing daily activities. One patient shared, “Everyday tasks that were once simple now require immense effort and concentration.”
Parkinson’s disease presents significant challenges globally and within Pakistan. Understanding its causes, recognizing symptoms early, and accessing appropriate treatments are crucial steps in managing the disease. Enhanced awareness, research, and healthcare infrastructure are essential to support those affected and to mitigate the impact of Parkinson’s disease on individuals and society.
The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Coverpage’s editorial stance.
