On March 3, World Hearing Day was observed at Karachi’s Civil Hospital in collaboration with the Dow University of Health Sciences (DUHS). The seminar brought together health experts to discuss the escalating issue of hearing impairments in Pakistan’s major cities, with a particular focus on Karachi, Lahore, and Faisalabad. Dr. Zeba Ahmed, head of the ENT department at Karachi Civil Hospital, highlighted various factors contributing to hearing impairments, including excessive use of betel nuts, intoxicants, mobile phones, Bluetooth devices, earbuds, and hands-free equipment emitting radiation.
Noise pollution has become a significant environmental hazard in Pakistan’s urban centers. In Karachi, studies have shown that noise levels often exceed the permissible limits set by the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS). A study published in the Journal of Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences reported that noise levels in Karachi’s commercial areas averaged around 90 dB, with peaks reaching up to 110 dB, far exceeding the NEQS limit of 85 dB.
Similarly, Lahore faces a burgeoning noise pollution crisis. A study conducted on public transport drivers in Lahore revealed that about 75% of them suffer from noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL), with 10% experiencing disabling hearing impairment.
The study attributed these alarming statistics to prolonged exposure to high noise levels, primarily from unregulated traffic and industrial activities.
Faisalabad, another major industrial city, is not immune to this issue. A comparative study of noise levels in various areas of Faisalabad indicated that noise pollution has become widespread due to the increasing number of vehicles, industries, and urbanization. The study assessed noise levels in commercial, residential, industrial, and silence zones, finding that many areas exceeded the noise level standards set by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pakistan.
Beyond noise pollution, Dr. Ahmed emphasized other contributing factors to hearing impairments. The excessive use of betel nuts, commonly known as “paan,” has been linked to various health issues, including hearing loss. Chewing betel nuts can lead to vascular constriction, reducing blood flow to the auditory system and potentially causing hearing impairments. Similarly, the consumption of intoxicants such as alcohol and certain drugs can have ototoxic effects, damaging the inner ear and leading to hearing loss.
The proliferation of mobile phones, Bluetooth devices, earbuds, and hands-free equipment has raised concerns about their potential impact on hearing health. While these devices emit non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs), which are generally considered safe, prolonged and excessive use at high volumes can pose risks. A study published in the Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology explored the role of electromagnetic radiofrequency radiation from cell phones in tinnitus, a condition characterized by ringing in the ears. The study suggested a potential link between EMF exposure and auditory symptoms, highlighting the need for further research.
Moreover, a study published in Scientific Reports investigated the impact of Bluetooth headset usage on thyroid nodules, considering the cumulative effects of non-ionizing radiation emitted by these devices. The study analyzed 600 valid questionnaires and utilized advanced modeling techniques to assess the risk of thyroid nodules. While the study did not establish a direct causal relationship, it underscored the importance of cautious use of such devices.
Local research in Karachi has further illuminated the consequences of noise pollution on residents. A study published in the Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association measured noise levels at different locations and times, revealing that the average noise level was around 80 dB, with peaks reaching higher levels. These findings are concerning, considering that prolonged exposure to noise levels above 70 dB can lead to hearing impairments.
The health implications of sustained exposure to elevated noise levels are profound. Continuous exposure to noise levels above 70 dB can lead to hearing loss. In Karachi’s Saddar Town, a study found that 41% of residents experienced hearing loss, with average noise levels exceeding 60 dB indoors and 70 dB outdoors. Noise pollution has also been linked to cardiovascular issues, including hypertension and heart disease, as well as mental health disorders such as stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Children exposed to high noise levels may experience difficulties in concentration, memory, and learning, affecting their academic performance.
To address the escalating noise pollution crisis, health experts at the seminar proposed several measures. Implementing and enforcing noise pollution standards, particularly in urban areas, is crucial. Regular monitoring should be conducted to ensure compliance. Integrating noise reduction strategies into urban planning, such as creating buffer zones between residential areas and major roadways, and promoting the development of green spaces, can help mitigate noise pollution. Improving public transportation, enforcing vehicle maintenance standards, and regulating the use of pressure horns are essential traffic management measures.
Educating the public about the health risks associated with noise pollution and promoting community involvement in mitigation efforts are vital. Enforcing stricter noise control measures in industrial zones, ensuring that factories and workshops adhere to permissible noise levels, is necessary. Conducting comprehensive studies to gather up-to-date data on noise pollution levels across all major cities will inform policy decisions.
The seminar on World Hearing Day served as a crucial platform to highlight the pressing issue of hearing impairments in Pakistan’s metropolitan areas. The insights and recommendations provided by health experts underscore the urgent need for coordinated efforts by government authorities, urban planners, and the public to mitigate noise pollution and safeguard public health. Failure to address this issue could lead to a significant increase in health problems, affecting the quality of life for millions of urban residents.
The views expressed in this article are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect Coverpage’s editorial stance.
